As the title says, I want to know the most paranoid security measures you’ve implemented in your homelab. I can think of SDN solutions with firewalls covering every interface, ACLs, locked-down/hardened OSes etc but not much beyond that. I’m wondering how deep this paranoia can go (and maybe even go down my own route too!).
Thanks!
I understand some of these words.
I’m not super paranoid about security, but I do try to have a few good practices to make sure that it takes more than a bot scanning for /admin.php to find a way in.
- Anything with SSH access uses key-based auth with password auth disabled. First thing I do when spinning up a new machine
- Almost nothing is exposed directly to the Internet. I have wireguard set up on all my devices for remote access and also for extra security on public networks
- Anyone who comes to visit gets put on the “guest” network, which is a separate subnet that can’t see or talk to anything on the main network
- For any service that supports creating multiple logins, I make sure I have a separate admin user with elevated permissions, and then create a non-privileged user that I sign in on other devices with
- Every web-based service is only accessible with a FQDN which auto-redirects to HTTPS and has an actual certificate signed by a trusted CA. This is probably the most “paranoid” thing I do, because of the aforementioned not being accessible on the Internet, but it makes me happy to see the little lock symbol on my browser without having to fiddle around with trusting a self-signed cert.
Every web-based service is only accessible with a FQDN which auto-redirects to HTTPS and has an actual certificate signed by a trusted CA
I’m assuming this is in your internal network. The problem with this is that communication from the client to the reverse-proxy (unless you’re running a reverse-proxy sandboxed with each application/are directly decrypting traffic at the base of your application) is encrypted, but the traffic from the server to the reverse-proxy is not.
Definitely a consideration. In my case, the vast majority of my services are running in docker on a single host box, including the reverse proxy itself (Traefik). That unencrypted traffic never goes out over a wire, so for now I’m not concerned.
Bonus points for creating lots and lots of networks grouping the databases together with only their respective containers.
ip ais a huge mess.
Nice try, attacker trying to get me to do their reconnaissance work for them. I’m on to you.
Spfff me, never Anyway please tell me more about your IP adress and your private keys.
Ok my ip address is 192.168.3.200.
Im gonna hack u now
My private key has a 3 in it
“I’m in”
Hackerman
Hey its me your friend Aaron how are you. Hey i was just wandering, what is your credit card details again? just wandering
It would be funny if that were the case. I was just hoping to be a little more paranoid from you lot and maybe improve on the things I’ve thought about
Yeah, just having a little fun in the role of a paranoid admin. My setup isn’t worth mentioning since it fits my threat model (i.e. nobody gives a shit about my network, just don’t be the low hanging fruit) but I’m interested in other replies. Hope you get some useful responses here.
I’d love to play paranoid admin over my network. Thanks!
No, honestly I’m not an attacker, but your local bank. We just need your help to update our systems. Please provide us the following credentials to continue using our phish- *ugh* services.
Credit card number: _____________
CVV: ___
Expiration date: ______
Using SPA firewall knocking (fwknop) to open ports to ssh in. I suppose if I was really paranoid, the most secure would be an air gap, but there’s only so much convenience I’ll give up for security.
I’m going to save your comment because it has opened up a new technique for network security that I had never thought of before. Thanks a bunch
- Custom Router/Firewall running OPNsense and the Sensei plugin
- Extensive DNS filtering through Pihole
- Redirecting all DNS requests to my Pihole through OPNsense
- My entire network is behind a multi hop VPN
- I don’t let any Windows systems connect to the internet, instead, I have a Linux server which is connected to the internet (through a VPN of course) and runs a browser, and I use X2go to access the browser which is running on the Linux server
Since you’re running x86 for your router, do you actively prevent ME from trying to connect to the Internet?
I am aware of the ME, but I can’t really do anything about it. Current ARM SBCs are not suitable for a router/firewall (at least in my experience). I’m not that concerned about it though.
OpenWRT isn’t half bad for usual “router stuff”, but advanced usage is a bit hard to do. Of course, that doesn’t eliminate the problem since ARM can have plenty of backdoors too
I know, I tried OpenWRT on a Pi, but the experience wasn’t great (at least not as a home router).
Wouldn’t that last bullet mean you’re not updating the windows machines whatsoever? Would this not cause more security issues in the long run, considering “connected tot he internet” isn’t a requirement to spread an infection.
It might sound ridiculous, but I currently also run a WSUS server to get Windows updates. But I will probably replace my entire Windows setup with a better solution. Since I don’t run Windows bare-metal anymore, I’m looking forward to using offline Windows VMs on my Proxmox host and just accessing the internet directly from my Linux machine.
My security is fairly simplistic but I’m happy with it
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software protection
- fail2ban with low warning hold
- cert based login for ssh (no password Auth)
- Honeypot on all common port numbers, which if pinged leads to a permanent IP ban
- drop all firewall
- PSAD for intrusion/scanning protection (so many Russian scanners… lol)
- wireguard for VPN to access local virtual machines and resources
- external VPN with nordVPN for secure containers (yes I know nord is questionable I plan to swap when my sub runs out)
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physical protection
- luksCrypt on the sensitive Data/program Drive ( I know there’s some security concerns with luksCrypt bite me)
- grub and bios locked with password
- UPS set to auto notify on power outage
- router with keep alive warning system that pings my phone if the lab goes offline and provides fallback dns
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things I’ve thought about:
- a mock recovery partition entry that will nuke the Luks headers on entry (to prevent potential exploit getting through grub)
- removing super user access completely outside of local user access
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Could you please elaborate how you do the honeypotting?
I just expanded the existing fail2ban config on the commonly used default ports such as 22, 21 Etc, any requests on those ports get sent into purgatory, so the ip gets blacklisted any connections from it hangs until it times out. It’s a super basic setup iptables logs whenever a request is not in the current firewall (last rule in the chain) and then fail2ban reads the log and handles the block. I don’t count it as part of the normal setup because they’re isolated Because the actual ports the service is on still have the normal rule set but the default port numbers are just an instant if there’s activity on it you’re gone
What honeypot are you using?
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Only remote access by wireguard and ssh on non standard port with key based access.
Fail2ban bans after 1 attempt for a year. Tweaked the logs to ban on more strict patterns
Logs are encrypted and mailed off site daily
System updates over tor connecting to onion repos.
Nginx only has one exposed port 443 that is accessible by wireguard or lan. Certs are signed by letsencrypt. Paths are ip white listed to various lan or wireguard ips.
Only allow one program with sudo access requiring a password. Every other privelaged action requires switching to root user.
I dont allow devices I dont admin on the network so they go on their own subnet. This is guests phones and their windows laptops.
Linux only on the main network.
I also make sure to backup often.
Fail2ban bans after 1 attempt for a year.
Fail2ban yes; one year, however, is IMO a bit excessive.
Most ISP IP assignments do tend to linger - even with DHCP the same IP will be re-assigned to the same gateway router for quite a number of sequential times - but most IPs do eventually change within a few months. I personally use 3 months as a happy medium for any blacklist I run. Most dynamic IPs don’t last this long, almost all attackers will rotate through IPs pretty quickly anyhow, and if you run a public service (website, etc.), blocking for an entire year may inadvertently catch legitimate visitors.
Plus, you also have to consider the load such a large blocklist will have on your system, if most entries no longer represent legitimate threat actors, you’ll only bog down your system by keeping them in there.
Fail2ban can be configured to allow initial issues to cycle back out quicker, while blocking known repeat offenders for a much longer time period. This is useful in keeping block lists shorter and less resource-intensive to parse.
My block list is very small actually due to the non standard ssh port. Everything else goes through wireguard.
If it was open to the public then yes I’d have to reconsider the ban length.
That makes a lot more sense for your setup, then.
System updates over tor connecting to onion repos.
How does this help, assuming your DNS isn’t being spoofed?
Please see my reply below with links.
Thanks, never thought of that before. I’ll certainly try it, great way to help the network!
My most paranoid config is disabling Ipv4
That’s it. If someone wants to attack me, they will need to adopt IPv6!
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That’s a very good idea. Something to think about, especially if you have open ports and are paranoid enough (aren’t we all? Hehe). Thanks
I’ve got systems that can detect suspicious activities in the net, which result in a shutdown of the router. And not like “could you please shut down” but a hard power off type of shutdown.
Oh, you have a setup that signals to your power source to shut off internet when it detects an anomaly on the internet? That’s quite specific, and I’m having trouble trying to understand the use-case here, but it’s definitely included in the paranoid-list. Thanks!
I have Nginx Proxy Manager set up to let me access services running HTTP on other ports on the machine with a local network only access list just so my traffic even in my own network will use TLS. The likelihood that anyone is sniffing traffic on my own network is extremely small, but I’m paranoid. (Can’t let anyone see that I’m running Ubuntu Server. How embarrassing.)
For about a year I was running a full out of band IPS on my network. My core switch was set up with port mirroring to spit out a copy of all traffic on one port so that my Suricata server could analyze it. Then, this was fed into ElasticSearch and a bunch of big data crap looked for anomalies.
It was cool. Basically useless because all it did was complain about the same IP crawler bots as my nginx logs. But fun to setup and ultimately good for my career lol.
The problem is, you’d expect your switch to mirror all traffic, including what it is generating (switches with web servers, baseband/backdoors like every big manufacturer), but you can never really be sure.
- full disk encryption on everything except the router (no point in encrypting the router)
- the server doesn’t have a display connected for obvious reasons, so I’m manually unlocking it via ssh on each boot
- obviously, the SSH keys are different, so the server has a different IP in initrd. That said, I still don’t have any protection against malicious modification of initrd or UEFI
- the server doesn’t have a display connected for obvious reasons, so I’m manually unlocking it via ssh on each boot
- the server scans all new SSL certificates in realtime using certspotter and notifies me of any new certificates issued for my domains that it doesn’t know about (I use Cloudflare so it triggers relatively often, but I still do checks on who the issuer is)
- firewall blocks outgoing 25 so nobody can impersonate my mailserver
You might be interested in setting up network bound encryption via Clevis and Tang. I use a hidden pi zero in my house acting as a Tang server. It’s great being able to reboot any of my encrypted servers without having to manually unlock disks.
I know about it, but it kinda defeats the purpose (the purpose being police raid protection)
Do you recommend any resources about this? I’d be interested in learning how to implement this.
I’m using the recently merged Clevis module for NixOS. There was a recent talk at FOSDEM about it.
Thanks, I’d like to know more about your public-facing setup using cloudflare
there’s not much to know about it, I use Cloudflare simply because its routing is better than direct IP connections for many places on Earth. I can’t fully use Cloudflare anyway because I host many non-web services.
- full disk encryption on everything except the router (no point in encrypting the router)
I’m somewhat paranoid therefore running several isolated servers. And it’s still not bulletproof and will never be!
- only the isolated server, ie. no internet access, can fetch data from the other servers but not vice versa.
- SSH access key based only
- Firewall dropping all but non-standard ports on dedicated subnets
- Fail2ban drops after 2 attempts
- Password length min 24 characters, 2FA, password rotation every 6 months
- Guest network for friends, can’t access any internal subnet
- Reverse proxy (https;443 port only)
- Any service is accessed by a non-privileged user
- Isolated docker services/databases and dedicated docker networks
- every drive + system Luks-encrypted w/ passphrase only
- Dedicated server for home automation only
- Dedicated server for docker services and reverse proxy only
- Isolated data/backup server sharing data to a tv box and audio system without network access via nfs
- Offsite data/backup server via SSH tunnel hosted by a friend
Why would you rotate passsord though?
Rather choose something random and strong than changing it every 6th moon.Rotating passwords only for web services. Vaultwarden does make it easy. Not all services allow 2FA.
Sounds still excessive but that’s what the thread is here for.
Would probably understand it more if I knew more aspects.Cheers to more cybersec :)
Guessing it is more a habit from back in time when ssl certification wasn’t common. Panic of MITM attacks, friends sharing their trusted access to other friends, etc. all contributed to my actual status of paranoia.
Don’t make me reconsider my cybersec approach ;)You could always add another layer ;D
Would you have to compromise on your security according to your threat model if you ran VMs rather than dedicated devices? I’m no security engineer and I don’t know if KVM/QEMU can fit everyones needs, but AWS uses XCP-ng, and unless they’re using a custom version of it, all changes are pushed upstream. I’d definitely trust AWS’ underlying virtualisation layer for my VMs, but I wonder if I should go with XCP or KVM or bhyve.
This is my personal opinion, but podman’s networking seems less difficult to understand than Docker. Docker was a pain the first time I was reading about the networking in it.
Really like your setup. Do you have any plans to make it more private/secure?
I used VMs some time ago but never managed to look deeper into separation of bare metal vs VMs. Hence I can’t assess this reasonably.
Docker got me interested when it started and after discovering its networking capabilities I never looked back.
Basically I’m trying to minimize the possibility that by intercepting one dockerized service the attacker is able to start interacting with all devices. And I have lots of devices because of a fully automated house. ;) My paranoia will ensure the constant growth of privacy and security :)
I’m an enterprise guy, so that’s the explanation for non home use things.
- VPN for anything not my web or certificate revocation distribution point
- Sophos IPS
- sophos utm for web application firewall
- transparent inline web proxy, sophos is doing https inspection. I have internal CA and all clients trust it. I don’t inspect medical or banking, other common sense stuff.
- heavily vlan segmented with firewall between
- my windows clients are managed by active directory with heavy handed GPOs.
- least priv accounts, different accounts for workstation admin, server, domain, network devices
- security Onion IDS
- separate red forest that has admin accounts for my management access and accounts on devices
- trellix antivirus and global reputation based file monitoring
- I’ve started applying disa STIGs on servers
- site to site VPN with other family member household. They get managed trellix av also.
- my public identity accounts like MS,.Google, etc all need 2fa, token, etc.
I bet this can still get exploited, just would take effort hopefully none does for a home network.
I’m still one shitty windows zero day click away from getting my workstation or browser tokens owned though, I can feel it.
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Ha yeah.
Id say the same for trellix.
You should try doing things with installs or updating apps when the edr product blocks write access to all temp locations. You have to do an exclusion for every installer, signing cert, or turn it off to install programs.
Also laughing because that’s how some companies get owned, IP stolen, etc.
There has to be balance, if your life using their system sucks so hard you can’t do your job or meet production marks, you get creative.
My industry has to prioritize security over productivity. It’s almost impossible to get work done.
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Your working environment sounds gross :)
IT is hard. Finding good IT people is harder in my opinion. Working for a company that is not super squared away with good security and great usability sucks. At least you found some work arounds and are trying to do it well.
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I’m still one shitty windows zero day click away from getting my workstation or browser tokens owned though, I can feel it.
As somebody taking like 0% of all that measures and not having any problem, luck was involved for sure, unless they have a good reason to attack you in particular… I feel like you will be fine…
Ha, probably. It’s fun to learn stuff though.
Working in this field, almost every company has been beached, IP stolen, etc.
Sometimes your home IP gets hit in an automated scan for a vulnerability and then auto exploited by automation. I’m hoping not to get random chance added to a botnet.
You seem to have a great setup. Since this comment touches on slightly advanced topics, I’ll ask this here:
- What use do you have for a WAF?
- How did you get your Android clients to trust your certificate? Do you use an MDM? Did you root your devices to access the trusted root store?
- Segmenting stuff with VLANs, subnetting and ACLs is a great idea, but do you also make sure that the firmware of the device is somewhat robust? Although I suppose you don’t have to worry about it if Sophos sends out regular updates, however I hate the idea of my switches and routers having to connect to the Internet, pass along credentials and the sort to be able to get updates.
Your measures seem to be focussed more on security than privacy - which is great! It’s my fault for not specifying it in the post, but I’d definitely like to know if you have done anything specific to keep your network private as well as secure.
Thanks for your wonderful comment - saved!
- Exchange on prem 😳
- Both mdm,.Ms intune, and just installing the root cert manually in trusted store. You don’t have to root Android for that. It presents some warnings, appropriate.
- My Sophos is self contained. It does radius against active directory. It wants IPS and other updates though.
I guess the firmware is as good as possible. All network devices are just computers and can be exploited. I use a Cisco router as my actual gateway. Sophos is inline after that.
Privacy. 🤔
Not much. I have certain traffic go through a VPN to the Internet, but that’s split tunneled.
I use incognito? That doesn’t really do anything, ha.
I’m slowly killing web browser tracking and cookie stuff that group policy allows.
I didn’t know MS exchange could be used as a WAF. Will need to read more about that.
Can I host Intune completely on-prem?
What do you mean by “My Sophos is self-contained”?
Does your Cisco router get updates? My problem with these companies is that they build backdoors in their firmware for agencies to use. Are you monitoring the network usage of your Cisco gateway?
Using AD/RADIUS on-prem is an intriguing idea. I didn’t consider it because if my AD server goes down I’m essentially locked out of my services. I need to think more on this. Thanks.
Sorry for confusion. I use Sophos utm as a WAF for exchange. Basically reverse proxy that is specifically programmed for exchange attacks. It allows OWA to keep working.
I put the exchange admin URL behind authentication, so you try to go to /ecp, it Sophos intercepts and make you authenticate to Sophos utm first, which is passing to ad with radius.
MS got rid of intune on prem. It’s only Azure service now. I think.
My router is my biggest vuln. Oddly the most important. It’s an enterprise ISR. It’s updated as far as possible. My paranoia ends with the US gov/NSA. I don’t care if they want back door oddly. I don’t want China using me for attack relay however.
Loads of monitoring. You do a span/mirror port to your IDS like security Onion. Let it analyze all your traffic. Apparently there are some state sponsored exploits that allow them to owe a router at kernel level and hide their activities from you and monitoring, but that’s a level I can’t deal with.
As far as lock out, you create a break glass on everything. Emergency account with non rememberable ridiculous password, saved in a safe place.
As far as lock out, you create a break glass on everything. Emergency account with non rememberable ridiculous password, saved in a safe place.
This is such a great and a simple idea. Thanks.
I think I followed your setup at a high level, but because I don’t have hands-on experience with AD I didn’t quite catch the scope of it. Thanks for letting me know, I’ll get some reading done when I get the time!
I have the older Sophos utm, which doesn’t use the Sophos cloud central manager.
I think their new firewall utm can work disconnected, but I don’t know.
Sophos has a home use license that’s free for non business use.
I love companies that do community edition or free home use.
Sophos, Veeam has nfr, Elastiflow has community edition, which is a netflow.
This is the first time I’ve come across Elastiflow, thanks for mentioning it. Seems like an intriguing service to add.
I was considering using Suricata/installing Security Onion to do IDS from the certificate from a private CA. Sophos firewall seems pretty good too.
